Latin course for the Virtual School of Languages

Perfect and PPP forms

This page contains verbs and their perfect and PPP forms, from the vocabulary of
lessons 1-32

Verbs sorted by perfect type

1. Verbs that add -v-
- All verbs that end in -are, except: sonare, crepare, iuvare, adiuvare, dare, stare, constat
   PPP ends in -atus, e. g. laudare -> laudatus . Sonare, crepare, iuvare, adiuvare and constat
   don't form the PPP that way, just like they don't form the perfect that way, but dare and 
   stare do (datus; status)
- delêre, explêre and implêre .
   PPP ends in -etus, e. g. delêre -> deletus .
- arcessere, capessere, lacessere, petere, repetere and quaerere . The extra vowel before the 
   -v- is i, e. g. arcessere -> arcessivi.
   PPP ends in -itus, e. g. arcessere -> arcessitus.
- Slightly irregular formations for:
   spernere (sprevi, spretus)
   crescere (crevi, cretus)
   requirere (requisivi, requisitus)
   serere (sevi, satus)
   sinere (sivi, situm)
   de-sinere (desii, desitum)
   sternere (stravi, stratum)
   pro-sternere (prostravi, prostratum)

2. Verbs that add -u-
- Most verbs that end in -êre: adhibêre, debêre, habêre, terrêre, placet, monêre, admonêre, 
   coercêre, praebêre. The following verbs also add -u- regularly but don't have a PPP: dolêre, 
   tacêre, tenêre, timêre, parêre, studêre, valêre, sustinêre, abstinêre, horrêre, placêre, nocêre, 
   oportet, arcêre, egêre.
   PPP is the word stem minus ê plus -itus, e. g. adhibêre -> adhibitus
- crepare, domare and sonare.
   sonare doesn't have a PPP, crepare -> crepitus and domare -> domitus.
- Slightly irregular formations for:
  docêre (docui, doctus)
  obtinere (obtinui, obtentus)
  censere (censui, census)
  colere (colui, cultus)

3. Verbs that add -s- (or x)
- Verbs of the Ê-Conjugation (ending in -êre):
  ardêre (arsi, -)
  evadere (evasi, -)
  haerêre (haesi, -)
  iubêre (iussi, iussus)
  manêre (mansi, -)
  ridêre (risi, risus)
    ir-ridêre (irrisi, irrisus)
  suadêre (suasi, suasus)
    per-suadêre (persuasi, persuasus)
  augêre (auxi, auctus)
  torquêre (torsi, tortus)
  urgêre (ursi, -)
- Verbs of the Consoantic Conjugation (ending in -ere):
  cedere (cessi, -)
  dicere (dixi, dictus)
  ducere (duxi, ductus)
  mittere (misi, missus)
  scribere (scripsi, scriptus)
  struere (struxi, structus)
    ex.struere (exstruxi, exstructus)
  trahere (traxi, tractus)
  vivere (vixi, -)